Choosing an Executor Type

This document describes the available executor types (docker, machine, windows and macos) in the following sections:

Using Docker
Using machine
Using macOS
Using the Windows executor
Using GPUs
See also

Overview

An executor type defines the underlying technology or environment in which to run a job. CircleCI enables you to run jobs in one of four environments:

Within Docker images (docker)
Within a Linux virtual machine (VM) image (machine)
Within a macOS VM image (macos)
Within a windows VM image (windows)

It is possible to specify a different executor type for every job in your ‘.circleci/config.yml’ by specifying the executor type and an appropriate image. An image is a packaged system that has the instructions for creating a running environment. A container or virtual machine is the term used for a running instance of an image. For example, you could specify an executor type and an image for every job:

Jobs that require Docker images (docker) may use an image for Node.js or Python. The pre-built CircleCI Docker image from the CircleCI Dockerhub will help you get started quickly without learning all about Docker. These images are not a full operating system, so they will generally make building your software more efficient.
Jobs that require a complete Linux virtual machine (VM) image (machine) may use an Ubuntu version such as 16.04.
Jobs that require a macOS VM image (macos) may use an Xcode version such as 10.0.0.

Using Docker

The docker key defines Docker as the underlying technology to run your jobs using Docker Containers. Containers are an instance of the Docker Image you specify and the first image listed in your configuration is the primary container image in which all steps run. If you are new to Docker, see the Docker Overview documentation for concepts.

Docker increases performance by building only what is required for your application. Specify a Docker image in your .circleci/config.yml file that will generate the primary container where all steps run:

jobs:
  build:
    docker:
      - image: buildpack-deps:trusty

In this example, all steps run in the container created by the first image listed under the build job. To make the transition easy, CircleCI maintains convenience images on Docker Hub for popular languages. See Using Pre-Built CircleCI Docker Images for the complete list of names and tags. If you need a Docker image that installs Docker and has Git, consider using docker:stable-git, which is an official Docker image.

Docker image best practices

If you encounter problems with rate limits imposed by your registry provider, using authenticated docker pulls may grant higher limits.
CircleCI has partnered with Docker to ensure that our users can continue to access Docker Hub without rate limits. As of November 1st 2020, with few exceptions, you should not be impacted by any rate limits when pulling images from Docker Hub through CircleCI. However, these rate limits may go into effect for CircleCI users in the future. That’s why we’re encouraging you and your team to add Docker Hub authentication to your CircleCI configuration and consider upgrading your Docker Hub plan, as appropriate, to prevent any impact from rate limits in the future.
Avoid using mutable tags like latest or 1 as the image version in your config.yml file. It is best practice to use precise image versions or digests, like redis:3.2.7 or redis@sha256:95f0c9434f37db0a4f... as shown in the examples. Mutable tags often lead to unexpected changes in your job environment. CircleCI cannot guarantee that mutable tags will return an up-to-date version of an image. You could specify alpine:latest and actually get a stale cache from a month ago.
If you experience increases in your run times due to installing additional tools during execution, it is best practice to use the Building Custom Docker Images Documentation to create a custom image with tools that are pre-loaded in the container to meet the job requirements.
When you use AWS ECR images, it is best practice to use us-east-1 region. Our job execution infrastructure is in us-east-1 region, so having your image on the same region reduces the image download time.
In the event that your pipelines are failing despite there being little to no changes in your project, you may need to investigate upstream issues with docker images being used.

More details on the Docker Executor are available in the Configuring CircleCI document.

Using multiple Docker images

It is possible to specify multiple images for your job. Specify multiple images if, for example, you need to use a database for your tests or for some other required service. In a multi-image configuration job, all steps are executed in the container created by the first image listed. All containers run in a common network and every exposed port will be available on localhost from a primary container.

jobs:
  build:
    docker:
    # Primary container image where all steps run.
     - image: buildpack-deps:trusty
    # Secondary container image on common network.
     - image: mongo:2.6.8-jessie
       command: [mongod, --smallfiles]

    working_directory: ~/

    steps:
      # command will execute in trusty container
      # and can access mongo on localhost
      - run: sleep 5 && nc -vz localhost 27017

Docker Images may be specified in three ways, by the image name and version tag on Docker Hub or by using the URL to an image in a registry:

Public convenience images on Docker Hub

name:tag
- circleci/node:14.17-buster-browsers
name@digest
- redis@sha256:34057dd7e135ca41...

Public images on Docker Hub

name:tag
- alpine:3.4
name@digest
- redis@sha256:54057dd7e125ca41...

Public Docker registries

image_full_url:tag
- gcr.io/google-containers/busybox:1.24
image_full_url@digest
- gcr.io/google-containers/busybox@sha256:4bdd623e848417d9612...

Nearly all of the public images on Docker Hub and Docker Registry are supported by default when you specify the docker: key in your config.yml file. If you want to work with private images/registries, please refer to Using Docker Authenticated Pulls.

RAM disks

A RAM disk is available at /mnt/ramdisk that offers a temporary file storage paradigm, similar to using /dev/shm. Using the RAM disk can help speed up your build, provided that the resource_class you are using has enough memory to fit the entire contents of your project (all files checked out from git, dependencies, assets generated etc).

The simplest way to use this RAM disk is to configure the working_directory of a job to be /mnt/ramdisk:

jobs:
  build:
    docker:
     - image: alpine

    working_directory: /mnt/ramdisk

    steps:
      - run: |
          echo '#!/bin/sh' > run.sh
          echo 'echo Hello world!' >> run.sh
          chmod +x run.sh
      - run: ./run.sh

Docker benefits and limitations

Docker also has built-in image caching and enables you to build, run, and publish Docker images via Remote Docker. Consider the requirements of your application as well. If the following are true for your application, Docker may be the right choice:

Your application is self-sufficient
Your application requires additional services to be tested
Your application is distributed as a Docker Image (requires using Remote Docker)
You want to use docker-compose (requires using Remote Docker)

Choosing Docker limits your runs to what is possible from within a Docker container (including our Remote Docker feature). For instance, if you require low-level access to the network or need to mount external volumes consider using machine.

There are tradeoffs to using a docker image versus an Ubuntu-based machine image as the environment for the container, as follows:

Capability	`docker`	`machine`
Start time	Instant	30-60 sec
Clean environment	Yes	Yes
Custom images	Yes ⁽¹⁾	No
Build Docker images	Yes ⁽²⁾	Yes
Full control over job environment	No	Yes
Full root access	No	Yes
Run multiple databases	Yes ⁽³⁾	Yes
Run multiple versions of the same software	No	Yes
Docker Layer Caching	Yes	Yes
Run privileged containers	No	Yes
Use docker compose with volumes	No	Yes
Configurable resources (CPU/RAM)	Yes	Yes

⁽¹⁾ See Using Custom Docker Images.

⁽²⁾ Requires using Remote Docker.

⁽³⁾ While you can run multiple databases with Docker, all images (primary and secondary) share the underlying resource limits. Performance in this regard will be dictated by the compute capacities of your container plan.

For more information on machine, see the next section below.

Available Docker resource classes

The resource_class key allows you to configure CPU and RAM resources for each job. In Docker, the following resources classes are available:

Class	vCPUs	RAM
small	1	2GB
medium	2	4GB
medium+	3	6GB
large	4	8GB
xlarge	8	16GB
2xlarge⁽²⁾	16	32GB
2xlarge+⁽²⁾	20	40GB

⁽²⁾ Requires using Remote Docker.

Where example usage looks like the following:

jobs:
  build:
    docker:
      - image: buildpack-deps:trusty
    resource_class: xlarge
    steps:
    #  ...  other config

Using machine

The machine option runs your jobs in a dedicated, ephemeral VM that has the following specifications:

Class	vCPUs	RAM
medium	2	7.5GB
large	4	15GB
xlarge	8	32GB
2xlarge	16	64GB

Using the machine executor gives your application full access to OS resources and provides you with full control over the job environment. This control can be useful in situations where you need full access to the network stack, for example to listen on a network interface, or to modify the system with sysctl commands. To find out about migrating a project from using the Docker executor to using machine, see the Executor Migration from Docker to Machine document.

Using the machine executor also means that you get full access to the Docker process. This allows you to run privileged Docker containers and build new Docker images.

Note: Using machine may require additional fees in a future pricing update.

To use the machine executor, set the machine key in .circleci/config.yml:

version: 2.1
jobs:
  build:
    machine:
      image: ubuntu-1604:202007-01

You can view the list of available images here.

The following example uses an image and enables Docker Layer Caching (DLC) which is useful when you are building Docker images during your job or Workflow. Note: Check our pricing page to see which plans include the use of Docker Layer Caching.

version: 2.1
jobs:
  build:
    machine:
      docker_layer_caching: true    # default - false

Note: The image key is not supported on private installations of CircleCI. See the VM Service documentation for more information.

Using macOS

Available on CircleCI Cloud - not currently available on self-hosted installations

Using the macos executor allows you to run your job in a macOS environment on a VM. You can also specify which version of Xcode should be used. See the Supported Xcode Versions section of the Testing iOS document for the complete list of version numbers and information about technical specifications for the VMs running each particular version of Xcode.

jobs:
  build:
    macos:
      xcode: 11.3.0

    steps:
      # Commands will execute in macOS container
      # with Xcode 11.3 installed
      - run: xcodebuild -version

Using the Windows executor

Using the windows executor allows you to run your job in a Windows environment. The following is an example configuration that will run a simple Windows job. The syntax for using the Windows executor in your config differs depending on whether you are using:

CircleCI Cloud – config version 2.1.
Self-hosted installation of CircleCI Server with config version 2.0 – this option is an instance of using the machine executor with a Windows image – Introduced in CircleCI Server v2.18.3.

version: 2.1 # Use version 2.1 to enable Orb usage.

orbs:
  win: circleci/windows@2.2.0 # The Windows orb give you everything you need to start using the Windows executor.

jobs:
  build: # name of your job
    executor: win/default # executor type

    steps:
      # Commands are run in a Windows virtual machine environment
      - checkout
      - run: Write-Host 'Hello, Windows'

version: 2

jobs:
  build: # name of your job
    machine:
      image: windows-default # Windows machine image
    resource_class: windows.medium
    steps:
      # Commands are run in a Windows virtual machine environment
        - checkout
        - run: Write-Host 'Hello, Windows'

Cloud users will notice the Windows Orb is used to set up the Windows executor to simplify the configuration. See the Windows orb details page for more details.

CircleCI Server users should contact their system administrator for specific information about the image used for Windows jobs. The Windows image is configured by the system administrator, and in the CircleCI config is always available as the windows-default image name.

Using GPUs

CircleCI Cloud has execution environments with Nvidia GPUs for specialized workloads. The hardware is Nvidia Tesla T4 Tensor Core GPU, and our GPU executors come in both Linux and Windows VMs.

version: 2.1

jobs:
  build:
    machine:
      resource_class: gpu.nvidia.small
      image: ubuntu-1604-cuda-10.1:201909-23
    steps:
      - run: nvidia-smi

version: 2.1

orbs:
  win: circleci/windows@2.3.0

jobs:
  build:
    executor: win/gpu-nvidia
    steps:
      - run: '&"C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVSMI\nvidia-smi.exe"'

Customers using CircleCI server can configure their VM service to use GPU-enabled machine executors. See Running GPU Executors in Server.