Writing YAML

This document describes the most important features of YAML for use in CircleCI configuration.

• How to Write YAML
• See Also

Overview

YAML is a human-friendly data serialization standard for all programming languages. It is a strict superset of JSON, another data serialization language. This means it can do everything JSON can… and more.

CircleCI configuration is stored in a single YAML file located at ~/.circleci/config.yml, where ~ is the root of your project’s directory. Since most of your work with CircleCI occurs in this file, it is important to understand the basics of YAML formatting.

How to Write YAML

The basic structure of a YAML file is a hash map and consists of one or more key-value pairs.

key: value

You can set another key-value pair as a value by indenting the nested key.

key:
  another_key: "another value"

Multi-line Strings

If the value is a multi-line string, use the > character, followed by any number of lines. This is especially useful for lengthy commands.

haiku: >
  Consider me
  As one who loved poetry
  And persimmons.

Note: Quotes are not necessary when using multiline strings.

Sequences

Keys and values are not restricted to scalars. You may also map a scalar to a sequence.

scalar:
  - never
  - gonna
  - give
  - you
  - up

Items in sequences can also be key-value pairs.

simulation:
  - within: "a simulation"
  - without:
      a_glitch: "in the matrix"

Note: Remember to properly indent a key-value pair when it is the value of an item in a sequence.

Anchors and Aliases

To DRY up your config.yml, use anchors and aliases. Anchors are identified by an & character, and aliases by an * character.

song:
  - &name Al
  - You
  - can
  - call
  - me
  - *name

When the above list is read by a YAML parser, the literal output looks like this.

song:
  - Al
  - You
  - can
  - call
  - me
  - Al

Merging Maps

Anchors and aliases work for scalar values, but to save maps or sequences, use << to inject the alias.

default: &default
  school: hogwarts

harry:
  <<: *default
  house: gryffindor

draco:
  <<: *default
  house: slytherin

You can also merge multiple maps.

name: &harry_name
  first_name: Harry
  last_name: Potter
  
address: &harry_address
  street: 4, Privet Drive
  district: Little Whinging
  county: Surrey
  country: England

harry_data:
  <<: [*harry_name, *harry_address]

Note: As mentioned in a YAML repository issue, it is possible to merge maps, but not sequences (also called arrays or lists).

For a more complex example, see this gist.

See Also

While YAML has several other features, the examples above should be enough to get you started with YAML and keep your CircleCI configuration concise. If you are hungry for more knowledge, here are a few ideas.

• For a concrete example of keys and values, see the Configuring CircleCI document.
• If you are unsure whether your config.yml is valid YAML, run it through a validator.

CircleCI has also developed “orbs,” which enable you to use pre-conifgured and tested packages of configuration elements that you can use in your configuration workflow. Utilizing DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself), orbs enable you to quickly and easily incorporate configuration elements (jobs, executors, commands) in your workflow. For more detailed information about orbs:

• Refer to Orb Introduction, for a high-level overview of orbs.
• Refer to Using Orbs, for more about how to use existing orbs.
• Refer to Creating Orbs, where you will find step-by-step instructions on how to create your own orb.
• Refer to Reusing Config for more detailed examples of reusable orbs, commands, parameters, and executors.
• For a more exhaustive overview of YAML, Learn X in Y Minutes has a great summary.